bitterly
UK: ˈbɪtəli | US: ˈbɪtərli
adv. in a bitter manner (with intense resentment, grief, or harshness)
adv. extremely or severely (e.g., cold, disappointed)
The word "bitterly" derives from the Old English "biter" (sharp, acrid) + the adverbial suffix "-ly." "Biter" traces back to Proto-Germanic *bitraz, linked to the verb "bite," reflecting the physical sensation of sharpness. Over time, "bitter" expanded metaphorically to describe emotional intensity (e.g., resentment) or extreme conditions (e.g., cold). The suffix "-ly" standardizes it as an adverb, preserving the root's vivid imagery.
She wept bitterly after hearing the tragic news.
The wind blew bitterly through the thin fabric of his coat.
He complained bitterly about the unfair treatment.
The team lost the match and was bitterly disappointed.
The coffee tasted bitterly strong, leaving a lasting aftertaste.