bureaucracy
UK: bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi | US: bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi
n. A system of government or administration marked by rigid hierarchy, complex rules, and excessive formalities.
n. The body of officials and administrators, especially in government, perceived as inefficient or inflexible.
The word "bureaucracy" combines the French "bureau" (desk or office, originally from "burel," a type of coarse woolen cloth used to cover desks) and the Greek-derived suffix "-cracy" (rule or government). The term emerged in 18th-century France to describe a system where administrative power was concentrated in offices (bureaus) rather than with individuals. Over time, it acquired a negative connotation, emphasizing inefficiency and red tape. The morphemes reflect the literal "rule by desks" or "rule by offices," highlighting the impersonal nature of such systems.
The new policy was delayed due to excessive bureaucracy.
Many citizens complain that bureaucracy stifles innovation.
She struggled to navigate the bureaucracy of the immigration system.
Reforms aim to reduce bureaucracy in public healthcare.
The company’s bureaucracy made simple decisions take months.