calculus
UK: ˈkælkjʊləs | US: ˈkælkjʊləs
n. a branch of mathematics dealing with limits, derivatives, and integrals
n. a hard mass formed in the body (e.g., kidney stone)
n. (historical) a small stone or pebble used for counting
The word calculus originates from Latin, where calculus literally meant "small stone." Ancient Romans used pebbles (calculi) for counting or reckoning, which evolved into the mathematical term for systematic calculation. The medical sense ("stone-like mass") retains the original concrete meaning, while the mathematical sense abstracted the idea of "counting" into advanced computation.
Newton and Leibniz independently developed the foundations of calculus.
The doctor diagnosed the patient with a renal calculus.
In ancient times, merchants used calculi to track transactions.
Calculus is essential for understanding physics and engineering.
Dental calculus can lead to gum disease if not removed.