contumacious
UK: /ˌkɒn.tjuːˈmeɪ.ʃəs/ | US: /ˌkɑːn.tuːˈmeɪ.ʃəs/
adj. stubbornly or willfully disobedient to authority
contumacious = contum<stubbornness> + acious<adjective suffix>
- contum (from Latin contumax <stubborn, defiant>)
- acious (adjective-forming suffix, from Latin -ax <tending to> + -ious <full of>)
Etymology Origin:
Derived from Latin contumax, meaning "stubborn" or "insolent," the word evolved through Late Latin contumaciosus before entering English in the 16th century. The root contum- reflects defiance, while -acious intensifies the trait, creating a vivid descriptor for rebellious behavior.
The contumacious student refused to follow the teacher’s instructions.
His contumacious attitude often led to conflicts with his superiors.
Despite warnings, the contumacious protestors continued blocking the road.
The judge held the defendant in contempt for his contumacious behavior in court.
Managing a contumacious team requires patience and firm leadership.