erstwhile

UK: ˈɜːstwaɪl | US: ˈɜːrstwaɪl

Definition

  1. adj. former; previous (used to describe something that once was but is no longer)

  2. adv. in the past; formerly

Structure
erst <former, from Old English "ǣrest">while <time, from Old English "hwīl">
Etymology

The word "erstwhile" combines the Old English "ǣrest" (meaning "first" or "earliest," later evolving to "former") and "hwīl" (meaning "time" or "period"). Originally, "erst" was the superlative form of "early," but by the 16th century, it shifted to mean "former." Paired with "while," the term came to signify "in former times" or "at a previous time." Its modern usage as an adjective ("former") emerged later, retaining the nostalgic connotation of something that once existed but is now gone.

Examples

  1. The erstwhile champion struggled to adapt to retirement.

  2. The building, erstwhile a bustling factory, now stands abandoned.

  3. She spoke fondly of her erstwhile colleagues.

  4. Erstwhile enemies, the two nations now cooperate on trade.

  5. The book explores the erstwhile glory of ancient civilizations.