flawed

The word "flawed" derives from the noun "flaw," which entered Middle English from Old Norse flaga (meaning "a slab of stone," later evolving to imply a crack or defect). The suffix "-ed" transforms it into an adjective, indicating a state of having flaws. The shift from a physical crack (e.g., in stone) to abstract imperfections (e.g., in logic) reflects metaphorical extension.