hardness
UK: ˈhɑːdnəs | US: ˈhɑːrdnəs
n. the quality or state of being hard; firmness or solidity
n. (materials science) resistance to deformation or penetration
n. (figurative) harshness or severity in character or conditions
The word "hardness" derives from Old English "heard" (hard, firm) + the noun-forming suffix "-ness," which originates from Proto-Germanic *-nassu. "Heard" traces back to Proto-Germanic *harduz, meaning "stiff" or "strong," and further to Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, linked to durability. The suffix "-ness" systematically converts adjectives into nouns denoting abstract qualities (e.g., "darkness," "kindness"). The combination reflects a straightforward Germanic construction to express the concept of rigid physical or metaphorical states.
The hardness of the diamond makes it ideal for cutting tools.
Scientists measure material hardness using the Mohs scale.
His emotional hardness made it difficult to connect with others.
The ice’s hardness prevented the skates from leaving deep marks.
Over time, the water softened the rock’s natural hardness.