hostile
UK: ˈhɒstaɪl | US: ˈhɑːstl̩
adj. showing or feeling opposition or dislike; unfriendly
adj. relating to an enemy in war
adj. (of environmental conditions) harsh or challenging
The word "hostile" originates from Latin hostilis, derived from hostis (enemy, stranger). In ancient Rome, hostis initially referred to a foreigner or outsider, later evolving to mean an enemy. The suffix -ilis forms adjectives indicating a characteristic (e.g., "fragile" from fragilis). Over time, "hostile" expanded from describing wartime enemies to encompassing general antagonism or adversity.
The negotiations broke down due to hostile attitudes from both sides.
The soldiers advanced into hostile territory under heavy fire.
Desert plants thrive in hostile climates with little water.
Her hostile tone made it clear she disagreed with the proposal.
The company faced hostile takeover attempts from competitors.