incrustation
UK: ˌɪnkrʌˈsteɪʃən | US: ˌɪnkrəˈsteɪʃən
n. a hard outer layer or coating formed on a surface
n. the process of forming a crust or hard layer
n. (biology) a natural covering or deposit on an organism
The word "incrustation" originates from Latin incrustare, meaning "to cover with a crust." It combines the prefix in- (into), the root crust (from Latin crusta, meaning "hard outer layer"), and the noun-forming suffix -ation. The term evolved in Middle English to describe both the process of forming a crust and the resulting hardened layer, often used in geological, biological, and artistic contexts.
The incrustation of salt on the rocks was visible after the seawater evaporated.
Over time, the pipe developed a thick incrustation of mineral deposits.
The artist used gold leaf to create an elaborate incrustation on the sculpture.
Marine incrustations often include barnacles and algae.
Cleaning the incrustation from the antique vase required careful restoration.