penal
UK: ˈpiːn(ə)l | US: ˈpiːn(ə)l
adj. relating to or used for punishment, especially under the legal system
adj. involving or incurring severe punishment
The word "penal" traces back to the Latin poenalis, derived from poena (meaning "punishment" or "penalty"), which itself originates from Greek poinē (compensation or penalty). The morpheme pen- preserves the core idea of punishment, while -al turns it into an adjective. Over time, "penal" evolved in English to specifically describe matters related to legal punishment, such as penal codes or penal institutions. The logical progression reflects society's formalization of punitive systems.
The penal system aims to rehabilitate offenders as well as punish them.
Stealing in this country carries severe penal consequences.
The judge referred to the penal code before sentencing.
Colonial laws often included harsh penal measures.
Critics argue that penal labor exploits prisoners.