penalize
UK: ˈpiːnəlaɪz | US: ˈpiːnəlaɪz
vt. to impose a penalty or punishment for an offense or violation
vt. to put at a disadvantage or treat unfairly
The word "penalize" derives from the Latin root poena (meaning "punishment"), which entered English via Old French penal. The suffix -ize (from Greek -izein) converts nouns into verbs, indicating the act of applying punishment or imposing a disadvantage. The term reflects a legal and disciplinary logic, evolving from physical penalties to broader metaphorical consequences (e.g., in sports or rules).
The referee will penalize any player who violates the rules.
Late submissions will be penalized by a 10% grade reduction.
The new tax law penalizes small businesses disproportionately.
She was penalized for exceeding the time limit during the exam.
The system unfairly penalizes those with limited internet access.