so-called
UK: ˌsəʊˈkɔːld | US: ˌsoʊˈkɔːld
adj. used to indicate that something or someone is commonly designated by a name or term, often with skepticism or irony
The term "so-called" emerged in Middle English as a straightforward combination of "so" (adverb meaning "in this manner") and "called" (past participle of "call," meaning "named"). Over time, it developed a connotation of doubt or irony, implying that the name or label may be misleading or undeserved. The morphemes retain their original meanings but collectively convey skepticism in modern usage.
The so-called expert failed to answer basic questions.
She criticized the so-called benefits of the new policy.
The so-called shortcut actually took longer.
His so-called friends abandoned him when he needed help.
The article debunked the so-called miracle cure.