vertical
UK: ˈvɜːtɪkəl | US: ˈvɜːrtɪkəl
adj. 1. pointing straight up or at a right angle to a flat surface; upright.
adj. 2. involving all levels or stages from top to bottom (e.g., vertical integration).
n. 3. a vertical line, plane, or position.
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The word "vertical" traces back to Latin vertex (a whirl, peak, or turning point), derived from vertere (to turn). The suffix -ical was added in Late Latin (verticalis) to form an adjective meaning "relating to the top or summit." Over time, the sense shifted from "turning" to "upright," as the highest point of a rotating object (like a wheel's axle) aligns perpendicular to the ground. This reflects the logical progression from motion (turning) to static orientation (upward direction).
The cliff had an almost vertical drop of 200 meters.
The company adopted a vertical management structure to streamline operations.
Draw a vertical line to divide the page into two equal columns.
The skyscraper’s vertical design maximizes space in crowded urban areas.
Vertical farming uses stacked layers to grow crops indoors.