vindictive
UK: vɪnˈdɪktɪv | US: vɪnˈdɪktɪv
adj. having or showing a strong desire for revenge
adj. tending to hold grudges or seek retribution
vindictive = vindict<vengeance> + ive<adjective suffix>
- vindict (from Latin vindicta "vengeance, punishment," derived from vindex "claimant, avenger")
- ive (suffix forming adjectives, from Latin -ivus, indicating tendency or capacity)
Etymology Origin:
The word vindictive traces back to Latin vindicta, meaning "vengeance," which itself comes from vindex (a legal term for "claimant" or "avenger"). Over time, vindicta evolved into Old French vindicte, and by the 17th century, English adopted it as vindictive to describe someone inclined to seek revenge. The suffix -ive reinforces the adjective form, emphasizing a habitual or inherent quality. The word's logic reflects a direct link between legal retribution and personal spite.
Her vindictive nature made her unforgiving toward anyone who wronged her.
The politician's vindictive remarks escalated the conflict.
He filed a lawsuit out of vindictive spite rather than genuine grievance.
The manager's vindictive behavior created a toxic work environment.
Despite their apology, she remained vindictive and refused to reconcile.