willful
UK: ˈwɪlfʊl | US: ˈwɪlfəl
adj. deliberate or intentional (often in a stubborn or unreasonable way)
adj. having or showing a strong will; self-willed
The word "willful" combines "will" (from Old English willan, meaning "desire" or "intention") with the suffix "-ful" (from Old English -full, meaning "full of"). Historically, "will" evolved from Germanic roots tied to volition and choice, while "-ful" was used to form adjectives indicating abundance. Over time, "willful" came to describe someone acting deliberately, often with a connotation of stubbornness or defiance. The term retains its core logic: being "full of will" implies strong determination, whether positive or obstinate.
The child’s willful disobedience frustrated the teacher.
She was willful in pursuing her goals, ignoring all advice.
His willful ignorance of the facts led to poor decisions.
The jury found the act to be willful and malicious.
Despite warnings, he remained willful in his risky behavior.