withhold
UK: wɪðˈhəʊld | US: wɪðˈhoʊld
vt. to refuse to give something that is due or desired
vt. to restrain or keep back (an action, emotion, etc.)
vt. (legal) to deduct (taxes, payments) from income
The word "withhold" combines Old English "wið" (against, back) and "holdan" (to hold). Originally, "with-" implied opposition or resistance (as in "withstand"), while "hold" retained its core meaning of grasping or retaining. Over time, "withhold" evolved to emphasize deliberate restraint—whether physically (holding back objects) or abstractly (suppressing emotions or payments). The legal sense emerged from the concept of retaining funds owed.
The company may withhold bonuses if targets aren’t met.
She couldn’t withhold her laughter during the serious meeting.
Employers must withhold income tax from employees’ paychecks.
He withheld the truth to avoid causing panic.
The dam was built to withhold floodwaters during heavy rains.